I didn't know Ruby has three different JITs
It actually has several more, if you take into account JRuby + all JVM implementations (OpenJDK based distros, OpenJ9, Azul, PTC,...), ART even if not JVM proper with Ruboto, and TruffleRuby on GraalVM.
I was actually hoping it would be four JITs and we'd get Tenderlove's tiny FFI JIT too.
https://railsatscale.com/2025-02-12-tiny-jits-for-a-faster-f...
Mostly the newer ones try to improve the older ones.
I guess at some later point one will dominate and the others will go sleep mode. Just like in the movie Highlander - there can only be one. (I couldn't name offhand which JIT is the main one right now ... I always think it is from Takashi Kokubun but that may now be outdated. MJIT YJIT ZJIT HUJIT WAJIT WTFJIT GRANDMAJIT - too many JITs.)
Yes, specially ZJIT is news to me.
Any particular changes of interest?
The NEWS link details a bit more:
https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/v4_0_0_preview2/NEWS.md
What is interesting to me is the `Ractor.shareable_proc` changes that solved a bug for a use case I was having. And in general fixes for Ractors make them more appealing to use right now, even though they have not removed the `Experimental` flag from them. They are still missing a built-in concurrency primitive like channels or a lock free queue; I'm curious what they will settle on, Ractor::Port is nice but not enough.
Ruby::Box (formally: Namespace)
https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/box_md.html
Ruby Box is designed to provide separated spaces in a Ruby process, to isolate applications and libraries.ZJIT is supposed to be an improvement on YJIT. I'm happy to get any free performance improvements!
The Ruby Ractor (Actor) interface is now completely changed to use a Ractor::Port class, mirroring IPC (inter-process communication) semantics. Ractors were added in 3.0 as a way to get around the GVL/GIL, but having N number of Ruby interpreters running in a Ruby process which would enable executing on N cores at once. For me, hot take but Ractors don't seem to offer major advantages over plain-ol' copy-on-write (COW) forking.
The one "big" feature was supposed to be namespaces, which apparently have now been renamed to Ruby::Box (https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/box_md.html). From what I can glean from the Ruby issue tracker, it appears this feature has been radically descoped, primarily because it had performance impacts, but also, I think probably there are realistic concerns about fit with the existing ecosystem. Unlike Javascript/Python, Ruby has never used "modules" for code isolation--everything is loaded into the global namespace (the "global dumping ground" as I call it.) Now the Box feature is only enabled with an environment variable RUBY_BOX=1
I don't think it has really descoped. They just want the transition to be smooth. So they start slowly. The lead japanese dev will most likely in 2026 go for more extension, and I also think this kind of has to be synced a bit with ractor (I think?).
Ractor is also strange. Do many people use ractors? I rarely see them used in actual ruby code out there. Right now it seems to me as if ractors are used by only ... say ... 1% or fewer of the ruby developers out there. A bit more than refinement users ... :P
Ractors have promise but the implementations up till now haven't had strong concurrency safety. It seems in the latest release some of the heavy-hitter contributors like Jean Boussier (byroot) have taken a detailed look at Ractors and started to clean things up.
https://byroot.github.io/ruby/performance/2025/05/24/unlocki...
I'm happy if that feature has been descoped because when I last read up on it, it seemed like it was being ramrodded in by an inner circle who were hardly interested in constructive criticism even from other Ruby core maintainers.
I had a talk with Matz 1-on-1 about 6 months back and expressed my doubts about namespaces :) He's a nice guy, he just smiled.
I had a similar experience when I asked him what he thought about vars being able to end in a question mark. Very nice guy who probably hears a lot of very bad ideas.
Isn't everything loaded into the global namespace in Javascript as well? I'm talking about named imports.
Ruby doesn't have named imports; requiring a library dumps it into the global namespace (the library may be nice and define a single Module that has everythig in it, but even then that module is dumped in the global namespace, potentially conflicting with anything of the same name defined there or supplied by another required library.
I've really loved programming with Ractors in the 3.x series and am excited for Ractor::Port
So Christmas is near the corner then.
Very little happened in Ruby since 3.2 or even 3, it feels stagnated. Still a very beautiful language from my point of view, but yeah, stagnation.
Wish we'd see more action on RBS, perhaps getting Sorbet to core or something. At least having some sort of consensus in the community.
Or even some considerable project in the JIT, dunno!
Python is definitely ahead in types, work on removing the GIL... list is huge.
> Wish we'd see more action on RBS
This is always my biggest complaint about Ruby. Last time I made a fuss about this on HN someone pointed out rbs-inline which might make it into the core rbhs gem itself soon! This would be huge for the Ruby community imo
From where I stand, Ruby has much more interesting work going on JIT land than Python.
Much of the Python stuff, is actually about rewriting Python tools into Rust due to its interpreter slowness and no one caring about PyPy, now apparently there is even a PEP to rewrite CPython!
https://discuss.python.org/t/pre-pep-rust-for-cpython/104906
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I was so disappointed in how RBS was executed it caused me to give up on Ruby and move onto something else. I haven't looked back.
You should look into rbs-inline. It's a huge DX improvement. The community spoke up and they are moving in the right direction now.
I'm still a Ruby fan but I share your immense, nearly immeasurable disappointment on the implementation of RBS. It's as though someone was tasked to add types to Ruby but do it specifically in a way that would guarantee zero adoption.
Out of curiosity, why was RBS so poorly executed and adopted?
They put them in separate designated .rbs files, so far out of the way that they might as well not be there at all.
Nothing about Fibres and Async from Samuel Williams ?
Yep having the Async gem in the standard library would be a great win. Async Ruby is fantastic now.
I think I read somewhere that Matz is actually in favour of that but Samuel is holding off for now.
Yes. It should be in 4.0 as experimental at least before being official in 4.1z
With talk here of Ruby stagnating, has anyone checked out Crystal? I have not but have been curious about it.
I checked out crystal. It's a nice little language, but it has a very, very long way to go. IDE support is still quite shaky and the developer community is not large enough yet. There are some few good packages and frameworks that work very well though. I think it's still not supported on Windows as of today.
It has similar syntax, but adding explicit types and macros it's a very different language in practice.
IMO the two languages can be quite complimentary, I've been exploring using Crystal + MRuby to create apps, it's been fun so far.
One man's stagnation is another's stability, no?
It is 4.0.0 largely because matz created ruby 30 years ago.
matz is no longer the youngest - although he does look young, he is already 60 years old. He also said he has a retirement plan, e. g. avoiding a situation such as when Guido quit (or semi-quit) from Python (due to fatigue/frustration; Guido is not 100% retired but he is also not necessarily the solo-design-dev either, so it is a bit of a semi-retirement). So we won't know how long matz will be the lead designer of ruby - and who will succeed. Which may be reason to worry depending on who it would be. Imagine DHH takes over - man, there would be an insta-exodus of people ...
So while this release does not have a lot of content as such, one thing that is quite big, even though right now it is not, is Ruby::Box. There are many who don't understand it. The thing is ... I understand the use cases for it. I was not involved in any way with regards to its design, mind you - that was mostly a japanese-group in design. But there are objective use cases for it.
Many years ago I recall on IRC (we oldschool people used IRC back in the pre-discord stone age) some C# hacker said he won't use ruby because there are no strong namespaces, that is, someone else can just overwrite things and then nothing works. Although I think he was a drama guy, and any "danger" to be minimal, objectively he has had a point, simply because ruby had no strong concept of isolation here. Lateron there came refinements. Now refinements are strange, because while I think the use case makes sense, the syntax is strange. Syntax is one huge reason why I do not use refinements; but also because I try to avoid putting my own modifications all over the place, largely because I'd have to distribute that too, and also because modifying core classes, while that has a use, should not be done excessively, IMO.
Ruby::Box kind of builds on that and makes the refinement use case more generic (eventually; I am aware that right now this is not the case but you need a transition stage. Syntax-wise Ruby::Box is also weird, so hopefully the syntax gets easier too, but I instantly understood the use cases. Many people don't, in particular about 95% who demanded a name change away from Namespace to something else, really don't understand the underlying use case.)
Now - making isolated per-project changes is not the only use case. For instance, ractors could be simplified if you know that there are separate ruby processes; ruby threads probably too. These I consider secondary benefits though (and yes, that may be far in the future, who knows; when python removed its GIL though, it put ruby under pressure, aka shape-up-or-go-extinct mode).
One thing I would complain a lot is that on rubygems.org, before RubyCentral went shopify-controlled-only, that people would occupy namespaces. Such as Configuration. I wanted to have a project called Configuration so I can do Configuration.new or Configuration.parse_this_file(). This is possible of course, but when it comes to distributing code, who owns that toplevel namespace? Normally the one who occupied the name first on rubygems.org, sort of. Via Ruby::Box, it should be possible to have ownerships. This could be strong or weak; weak as a hint, aka "psych is owned by ruby core ownershiper but it can be modified", or strong aka making it immutable. Both have use cases. Could also be both. Having this more organized would be really convenient for developers. I would not have to worry whether anyone else uses that "namespace". And of course we need a way to query this state from within ruby code too aka, say immutable:
"If psych is owned by ruby-core, continue to use it."
psych (for yaml) is not a good example here but you can think of any other namespace where you may only want to consider some gems/projects but not others. (Again, the use case may differ between strong and weak ownership, but the thing is that this is an improvement over the prior status quo.)
There are several additional use cases to be had but I'll stop here. What I find strange is that many people who complain, don't refer to the old issues and discussions. We had discussions before refinements were added. About 80% of the people involved, DON'T EVEN KNOW THESE OLD DISCUSSIONS. Either they have dementia, or these are young ruby users who never were active in the old days. It's very strange.
I am not saying all is perfect about Ruby::Box, in particular syntax-wise I'd like improvements, but many people don't seem to understand the use cases, and this is very very strange.
If Matz ever retires, I hope it is still maintained by Japanese devs, to keep the insanity that is western politics out of it.
While there's certainly drama of technical and personality in many projects, are there any languages that we can see evidence of "insanity of western politics" being present?
There are literally people in this thread saying they wouldnt use ruby if dhh became lead because of his politics. Ruby in the west it seems to come up a lot. Mozilla/JS it came up with brendan eich being fired for his politics. Mostly its against anyone that steps out of line with far left san fransisco politics.
i don't think it's unreasonable to not want someone who has a habit of ranting about "Pakistani rape gangs" on twitter to represent/head a community project. Especially one that has contributions from people all over the world. Even ethics aside it's just bad business
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Ruby dev since 2000 and looks like refinements have been available since 2.4. I just used them for the first time this year. Definitely not a go to feature for me, but it was nice the feature was available.
As a practical matter, I don't think DHH is a Ruby internals geek, particularly, and seems to have other hobbies as well, so I don't think that's likely to even be a thing the community faces.
Ruby::Box in its current form seems to radically miss the mark. Any namespace paradigm only has utility if it is widely adopted across the ecosystem. Javascript did this with ES modules 10 years ago--it IS possible--but it takes a ton of buy-in and effort from the community to achieve it.
I just don't think Ruby has this "burning need" to have namespaces/modules/erm... "boxes". So we're likely to end up with sporadic usage of Boxes leading to inconsistent behavior.
Curious, why would DHH trigger a mass exodus?
A mantra in the Ruby community is "Matz is nice so we are nice". By contrast, DHH is the type of person who would use the hey.com domain[0] to post rants about London being only 1/3rd white, "Pakistani rape gangs", etc. His racist tirades used to be limited to his twitter, but he's shown he's very willing to use business resources to push his racist politics. More discussions here:
- https://lobste.rs/s/fpri94/dhh_problem_2014
Ignoring DHH's politics (which are enough to make me look for alternatives), he makes breaking technical decisions to tooling with little to no community involvement. E.g., https://github.com/hotwired/turbo/pull/971
He makes it difficult to trust that, were he in charge of Ruby, he wouldn't just take the reigns and stubbornly do whatever he thinks is technically right for "aesthetics" at the cost of all else.
I just looked up his political views. Because I never cared about them before, to say the least. He's right wing in general which for half of us, probably the majority at this point but we're just less vocal about it, is a good thing. I generally don't just outright disassociate from people with opposing political views to mine though as you suggested there. But I have seen that and it's most often a behavior I see on the left. For whatever reason. Perhaps intolerance of diversity of thought.
He's not just right wing. He's an outspoken racist. I hope that's not half of us, but just more vocal. What you call intolerance of opinion is also known as the paradox of tolerance.
https://jakelazaroff.com/words/dhh-is-way-worse-than-i-thoug...
Can you read through that and still tell me that you want to see DHH be a part of the community?
I appreciate you sharing that article—I've read it, and while it makes some strong accusations, I think it fundamentally misrepresents DHH's points and slaps on the "racist" label way too liberally, which is a common tactic to shut down uncomfortable discussions about immigration and cultural preservation. From my perspective, DHH isn't pushing racism; he's voicing legitimate concerns about rapid demographic shifts and their impact on national identity, which many on the right (myself included) see as a rational response to policies that prioritize mass immigration over assimilation.
First off, calling out the decline in "native Brits" isn't code for "white supremacy"—it's about maintaining the cultural and historical fabric of a nation. London has changed dramatically, and if Copenhagen swapped out two-thirds of its Danes for people from vastly different backgrounds without proper integration, it'd feel alien too. That's not hating on diversity; it's acknowledging that unchecked immigration can erode social cohesion, increase crime (like those grooming gangs he mentions, which were real scandals swept under the rug for fear of "racism" accusations), and strain resources. Data backs this up: the UK has seen spikes in street thefts and integration failures, as even left-leaning figures like the Danish PM admit. Framing this as "demographic replacement" isn't a conspiracy—it's observable reality when birth rates plummet and borders are porous.
As for Tommy Robinson's march, sure, some speakers went overboard, but dismissing the whole thing as "far-right extremism" ignores the thousands of ordinary Brits there waving flags out of patriotism, not hate. They're frustrated with elites who label any pushback against radical Islam or failed multiculturalism as bigotry. DHH calling it "heartwarming" highlights national pride, not endorsement of every wild statement. We've seen this playbook before: smear anyone questioning the status quo as a Nazi to avoid debating the merits.
On the paradox of tolerance—yeah, Popper's idea is that we shouldn't tolerate the intolerant if they threaten open society. But who's really intolerant here? DHH isn't calling for violence or suppression; he's blogging his opinions. The article's author, on the other hand, wants to exile him from the tech community over thought crimes. That's the real danger: canceling people for wrongthink, which chills free speech and innovation. Tech thrives on diverse ideas, not echo chambers.
Absolutely I want DHH in the community. He's the guy who gave us Ruby on Rails, revolutionizing web development and empowering countless creators. His politics don't diminish that legacy, and separating the art from the artist (or coder from the commentator) is how we avoid purity spirals. If we start gatekeeping based on views, half the industry—including plenty of left-leaning folks with their own controversial takes—would be out. Let's debate ideas vigorously, but not purge over them. Tech should be apolitical, not contain ideological litmus tests. But this is my opinion, which I think the majority of the population would likely align with.
The Ruby "community" has long been dogged by politics and culture war stuff. This comment[0] on a flagged submission has lots of links for getting up to speed.
Maybe they're right, there would be an exodus, I just wonder if other languages' communities will want the trouble. The Japanese Rubyists don't care for a second, a nice by-product of Japanese insularity. Ruby would continue in Japan just fine without westerners, don't worry.
I'd much prefer Jeremy Evans[0] taking over rather than DHH. Jeremy is a Ruby core committer (and much more pleasant person), unlike DHH.
Curious why this suggestion was downvoted to hell.
I've no idea Jeremy ;-)
That is clearly not Jeremy Evans. Maybe a funny joke if that innocent commenter had not been downvoted to hell.
No idea, Jeremy Evans is a really good coder and a nice person. Also a much more influential voice in the Ruby community than DHH.
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Anyone who won't discriminate against others for their politics would be an improvement, because that's not what's been happening in many core projects.
I am not suggesting Jeremy Evans simply because of politics. I think he's very underrated in the community and the work he does is incredible. Having interacted with him a number of times, he's been really helpful and pleasant. I think those qualities make him a good candidate.
Fun fact: Jeremy won the Ruby Prize 2019: https://rubyprize.jp/19_iv-nominees01-2-en.html
I agree. He has scolded me before though, for submitting code he didn't like the look of. Felt a tad harsh at the time, that's the kind of thing that puts people off contributing. However, he's a better programmer than me so if he didn't like it he's probably right. Could improve his bedside manner a bit though. I'm sure others have said that about me too, perhaps I'm a hypocrite.
Regardless of that, anyone who doesn't discriminate against others for their politics would be an improvement.
Edit: a improvement on the other westerners in the core team who might be touted as the next benevolent dictator, as I doubt that benevolence would maintain.
In every interaction with Evans I have had he has been super nice and welcoming to contributors. Maybe he had a bad day.
Of course. He actually completely rewrote the code and still merged it in, so I got what I wanted. We've all had such experiences, I'm sure, but I was making the point that different people can have different experiences - I've had straightforward chats with Evan too. I'm sure people have had super nice and welcoming experiences with DHH too.
Should we not include the negative ones for one person and the positive ones for another?
I did not include any negative or positive about DHH since I have never interacted with him. He is unimportant to Ruby compared to Evans other than for historical reasons. Evans is a guy who has done a ton and still does a ton in the Ruby community.
> I agree. He has scolded me before though, for submitting code he didn't like the look of.
Heh, do you have a link to the PR?
Yes, Mr Throwaway, of course I do.
What would you need it for?
Would you keep using a programming language leaded by a racist? I wouldn't
If programming is just my hobby, then maybe. But would you, for example, quit your current job and look for another, just to change the programming language? I know I'm not that sort of person.
I think it's not as much "if this guy becomes the lead I'm immediately quitting my Ruby job to return to PHP" as much as "if this guy becomes the lead I'm probably going to return to PHP for my next job."
I have my doubts, even for this softer version. These are things where one might feel very strongly in a moment, or even for a longer time, but facing a real life decision, there are so many other factors.
Of course we will never know the outcome of this, it's just my two cents.
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Yup, I quit Shopify because the CEO and COO are both Nazis, and coincidentally Tobi is good friends with DHH.
Commendable action! If feel like it's a different case though. Two points:
1. Working for someone, even through a large company, is a much more directly supportive relationship, than using someone's free project. Especially since the project has a lot of large contributors.
2. A company is interchangeable, a skill is much less so. You can do the same, or very similar thing at the next company, but moving to a different language involves a lot of learning, even though both are programming languages.
For these reasons, if talking about a lot of people, I can see many of them leaving a problematic company, and only some of them changing their primary language. I'm sure there's someone out there throwing away two decades of experience for an ideal, but I don't think it's realistic, especially not for 1 problematic blog entry.
Sure, if someone does follow your train of thought call him a nazi. I am old enough to know that those who call others nazis, are themselves pathetic fascists and nazis. Like DHH did not want someone talking about politics and gender issues out in the open in this company official forums, call him nazi. He did not support the system shoving down our throat gruesome dancing drag queens in front of children, call him nazi. He called out the madness about the preposterous idea that a man can be a woman and a woman can be a man call him nazi. You are the one who is nazi. All of you. Well, at least he has 3 children, he is millionaire and can live anywhere in the world. What do you do other living a miserable life calling others who are much better than you, nazis?
Ruby is not and has never been led by DHH.
This is exactly why we shouldn't use KKScript either. Plus it has 1-based array indexes.
I'm tasked to amend a project written in ruby. With a python background (and some nice pydantic, type annotated, etc "strong" code bases behind my back), every day I spend with ruby is a minefield, a nightmare.
I hoped that ruby4 maybe implements stuff that python has, like type annotations or making the damn parens mandatory, but no. Not surprised that python has ten times more developers according to stackoverflow's survey... I can't possibly imagine a collaborative project where other people also have to work on the same code base, and not having any clue what a symbol under the cursor might be.
No type hints. No mandatory requires. No parens, so never know if something is a method or, callable, or variable. Basically IRB is a must for development, because in the editor, I'm blind.
And the ecosystem is just sad. Swagger-rails libraries out there are rookie jokes compared to what python has. At least there is decent GRPC / protobuf integration, so all new services I am writing can be in python. Or any sane language.
I used to be a big ruby/rails fan but I have to agree with you. I now write c-sharp and it's a lot less stressful than Ruby. If a Ruby/Rails codebases get to a large enough point it's really difficult to keep track of what types a method you wrote accepts. You end up just constantly double checking your own code. Or you end up with a few type checks and/or type conversions at the top of every method. And maybe I was doing it wrong because it was early on in my career. But when a method can accept literally anything and return literally anything, not even a strong IDE like RubyMine can save you.
I’ve sworn off Rails development for anything short of stupid-high compensation for similar reasons.
Implicit imports (“… which package defined this symbol? Who knows!”), dynamic definitions all over the place (“where’s this defined? Literally nowhere until the program runs!”), all that stuff. It’s awful. I feel blind not being able to answer basic questions about a codebase with grep. And that’s not even considering the lack of static typing.
This is a classic "I am used to language X. I am now trying language Y, but nothing in language Y is like language X! Why can't language Y be like language X?!"-type post. Yes, Ruby is a different language. It does things differently and priorities different aspects.
I don't know. In my experience, the real nightmare is when a competitor uses Rails and has strong developers. Their velocity is insane and I don't see things falling apart when the project gets bigger. Nowadays, I pray that my competitors use something like .NET or Spring Boot. And this comes from someone who never developed in or lead teams that use Rails.
> I hoped that ruby4 maybe implements stuff that python has, like type annotations
Ruby has had type annotations and typecheckers for quite a while. Unfortunately (IMO) the annotations are not inlinine.
> or making the damn parens mandatory, but no.
A linter/formatter can give the effect of that (and tune it for where it is appropraite) whether or not the language has it, though there are good reasons Ruby does not in general.
> No parens, so never know if something is a method or, callable, or variable.
Method and local variable are the only possibilities (callables are either the value of local variables or the return value of method calls),
Similar feelings here. Ruby's philosophy of providing a ton of different ways to do the same thing can lead to some pretty sweet-looking code, almost like poetry... but I'd rather have Python's stylistic consistency and better-integrated type hints. Now that Python has Poetry and uv, Ruby's main remaining advantage has evaporated and it's hard for me to justify using the language.
Another thing I don't like about Ruby is how much the community has embraced the Clean Code brand of readability snake oil. It's easy to come by the opinion that any function over 5 lines is a code smell and over 10 lines it's outright bad. I've even heard the view that if-else statements are a code smell and I should always try to replace them with different classes that have the same interface. To be fair, that only happened twice, but that's two more times than I've heard it from users of any other language. I think that the Python community usually strikes a better balance between avoiding excessive function/class length and avoiding excessive indirection.
> Another thing I don't like about Ruby is how much the community has embraced the Clean Code brand of readability snake oil.
This also puts me off every time, and I've dealt with people who embrace this a lot as a Ruby programmer. Fortunately, you can ignore them and still enjoy writing Ruby code the way you want.
I inherited a project where this was taken to the extreme. We have a class that's used to calculate final pricing taking into account discounts, coupons, shipping fees (or free shipping). Each one of those values was implemented as methods but then we have a call like: method_a - method_b + method_c, but it turns out, method_a may be adding shipping_cost for it to then be subtracted out in method_b. We ended up refactoring this and removing all the needless methods and just have a simple inline calculation. Definitely not "clean".
I feel you. Rubocop is certainly rather a bikeshedding tool than a linter at this point.
The forced if/else transformations drive me nuts.
What's with the downvotes? Every word here is true.
Because it's just generic complaining on a random Ruby post. It's just boring language flamewar bollocks that we can have on every post on every language.
I guess the relevant point I missed to emphasize is that I would have hoped that the situation is becoming better with the next major version, but as others also pointed out, it doesn't.
Truth <> Relevancy
People on HN seem to hate it whenever someone criticizes Ruby. But the language is a sad joke that's gone on for too long. I totally agree with your points and have many more I could mention (lack of proper debugger support and shitty tooling in general - these things exist, but they break every week)
The 4.0.0 release notes (TFA) are like a joke. Here are the language changes in their entirety:
Language changes: *nil no longer calls nil.to_a
That's it.
if you just need to write a few hundred lines of code to automate something ad hoc, or play with an idea, or do something exploratory like reverse engineering a file format, ruby is a truly gorgeous language. it just hasn't added the affordances you need to maintain a large code base, which is sad because python has shown that you really don't need that many of them - type annotations and explicit exports that act as namespaces would go a long way.
I actually love it for small scripts (not more than a couple hundred lines), including small web services and such. Much more pleasant than Python (though Python handles growing beyond a couple hundred lines way better than Ruby does)
I really like a few of its smaller libraries. Just not Rails.
Sure, it's probably great for small projects.
I worked for a company who had kept adding to their Ruby codebase for 10+ years, reaching about 50k files. At that point it becomes an unmanageable mess.